The Board of Trade originally known as the Lords of Trade or Lords of Trade and Plantations was a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, first established as a temporary committee of inquiry in the 17th century that evolved gradually into a government department with a diverse range of functions.
Taxes and government budgets also originated in the assembly, and the budget was connected with the raising and equipping of the militia. The House of Burgesses was the first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America.
The House, which consisted of delegates elected by the colonists, was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America. The word burgess means an elected or appointed official of a municipality or the representative of a borough in the English House of Commons.
Conflicts over taxation and budgets contributed to the tensions between assemblies and governors that would eventually lead to the American Revolution.
As the Revolution drew near, colonial assemblies began forcibly ejecting their governors from office. Maryland was the only colony that did not forcibly eject its last proprietary governor from office, choosing instead a formal and largely courteous transfer of power. By , the authority of its English governor, Sir Robert Eden, had been effectively usurped by the Annapolis Convention, and Eden was eventually asked by the Maryland Council of Safety to step down as governor.
Eventually, the Maryland Convention formally asked the governor to leave, and Governor Eden finally departed Maryland for England on June 23, It has been the home of the governor since It was designed by Baltimore architect R. Snowden Andrews — Jennings House was the residence of the governors of Maryland from until The territory was then divided into five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland Plaisance , and Louisiana.
New France orthographic projection —Maximal expansion in , before Treaty of Utrecht : This global map illustrates the geographic location of New France, which stretched from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
In , Jacques Cartier claimed the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure. French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable fur-bearing animals, especially the beaver, which were becoming rare in Europe. Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America.
In , France invested in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers with the hope of turning the area into an important mercantile and farming colony. Samuel Champlain was named governor of New France.
The colony forbade non-Roman Catholics from living there, and Protestants were required to renounce their faith to establish themselves in New France. Many therefore, chose instead to move to the English colonies. The economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities, each of which dictated the political and cultural settings of the time. This would change in the latter half of the 17th and 18th centuries as French settlement penetrated farther into the continental interior.
Here, French economic interests would shift and concentrate on the development of the fur trade. Louisiana was an administrative district of New France and was under French control from — and — It originally covered an expansive territory that included most of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River and stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains.
Although the fur trade was lucrative, many French saw Canada as an inhospitable frozen wasteland, and by , fewer than settlers had made their home there. The sparse French presence meant that colonists depended on the local Algonquian people; without them, the French would have perished.
French traders in America quickly realized the economic benefits of working with American Indians to exploit fur and timber exports. The French needed help to survive in the difficult climate of North America, and the Algonquian people were influential in showing them how to establish themselves in this New World.
The Algonquian helped them to hunt for food and to use the furs from their prey to keep warm during the winter months. Later on, intermarriage allowed the French to deepen relations with indigenous nations and have access to their hunting and trapping grounds. French fishermen, explorers, and fur traders made extensive contacts with the Algonquian. The Algonquian, in turn, tolerated the French because the colonists supplied them with firearms for their ongoing war with the Iroquois. Thus, the French found themselves escalating native wars and supporting the Algonquian against the Iroquois, who received weapons from their Dutch trading partners.
These 17th-century conflicts centered on the lucrative trade in beaver pelts, earning them the name of the Beaver Wars. In these wars, fighting between rival American Indian peoples spread throughout the Great Lakes region. France ceded the rest of New France, except the islands of St.
Britain received the lands east of the Mississippi River, including Canada, Acadia, and parts of Louisiana, while Spain received the territory to the west—the larger portion of Louisiana. Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France in under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso, but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of , permanently ending French colonial efforts on the North American mainland. Also shown are boundary changes within the territory the British had acquired between and Privacy Policy.
Skip to main content. Between and , gold's export value was greater than that of wool. Most Australian gold was exported to Britain, which used it to maintain a gold standard for the pound.
Agriculture, transportation, and industry developed from the s to meet the demands of the increasing population. South Australia, largely through its own capital resources, increased wheat output sharply, started the manufacture of agricultural machinery, and pioneered river transport to ship grain to Victoria. The colonial governments of New South Wales and Victoria undertook to build railroads, but the selection of different gauges was the origin of an eventual major problem in transportation.
Industries of all sorts-processing, manufacturing, and engineering, including foundries and shipyards-were established in Sydney and Melbourne. Western Australia and Tasmania, however, did not experience similar development. The pastoral industry adapted in part to changing conditions by greatly increasing cattle breeding for both beef and dairy products, which required less labor than sheep, and by slaughtering sheep for mutton.
Where capital was available-chiefly in Victoria-station owners started to fence their sheep runs as a means of reducing their need for shepherds. Wool shippers benefited greatly from improved ocean shipping, which increased the frequency and decreased the cost and elapsed time of voyages to and from Britain.
The suddenly increased pressure on the land resources of New South Wales and Victoria beginning in the s resulted in a popular movement against squatting and squatters; the slogan was "Unlock the Lands" to permit the formation of new wheat and dairy farms. The colonial governments were powerless to resolve the conflict until , when their newly acquired constitutions gave them control of the disposition of public lands.
Land reform laws were finally enacted in the s after bitter political struggles. The elaborate provisions of the laws proved in many cases to be of more benefit to squatters than to would-be settlers. The s and s were decades of great economic development in the Australian colonies.
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